RAW #7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RAW #7 - Essay Example 2. The contracts have terms of reference that vary from contract to contract. â€Å" †¦the terms of a contract providing a foundation for economic ethics acceptable to a diverse set of imaginary contractors (some greed- driven egoists, some deeply religious artruists, most probably in between)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Donaldson and Dunfee 26) 3. The macro- social contracts are based on the assumption that there is rationalism among the contractors as they know the facts that are entailed. â€Å"†¦not afflicted inconsistency or logical confusion† (26) 6. Those who undertake the experimental thought on social contract are not aware of the political and economic preferences of contractors. â€Å"†¦we are confronted with undetermined mix of contractor preferences † (Donaldson and Dunfee 27) The list above shows the argument of Donaldson and Dunfee in relation to macro- social contract understanding. These main points can be used as the basic principles that govern the same kind of

Healthy Grief Essay Example for Free

Healthy Grief Essay Grief is an inner sense of loss, feeling of emptiness and sadness every human being experience at some point of life and each person feels and handles it differently. But there are some common stages of grief which starts from recognizing a loss to the final acceptance. It is not necessary that grief should occur after the death of a beloved one. Grief is the multifaceted response to death and losses of all kinds, including emotional (affective), psychological (cognitive and behavioral), social, and physical reactions (Stroebe, Hansson, Stroebe, Schut, 2001). Grief is a healthy response to a loss, which should not be prevented. But grief lasting more than two months and is severe enough to interfere with daily life may be a sign of complicated grief and more serious illness such as major depression (grief-mourning, grieving and bereavement, 2012) which has to be treated. Kubler- Ross developed the five stages of grieving process which include denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. It is not necessary that everybody will go through all these stages in the same order. Knowing all these stages will help us to cope with the loss. Here in this paper the writer tries to compare and contrast the grieving process defined by Kubler – Ross with that of the grieving process of Job in the Bible, and tries to relate the findings with that of the writer’s own preferred method of handling grief and see whether this research has changes the view of grief. According to the Bible, Job was an obedient, god-fearing man, who was blessed with wealth, health and wisdom. One day Job lost all his wealth, health and possessions, including his children. In addition to that Job had developed very bad sores all over his body. This all was because God was challenging the Satan with Job’s faith and obedience. But finally Satan failed. Even after all those terrible loss happened in his life, Job never turned against God, but he turned towards Him and worshiped Him saying, â€Å"Naked I came out of my mother’s womb, and naked shall I return there. Yahweh gave, and Yahweh has taken away. Blessed be Yahweh’s name† (Job 1:22). While comparing Kubler-Ross’s stages of grief with that of Job’s story, the first stage would have been denial which helps to survive the loss. But there was no biblical narration that says Job use denial as a part of his grieving process. Instead he was asking his wife, â€Å"Shall we indeed accept good from God and not accept trouble? †(Job 2:10). In stage two, when all these losses occurred one would usually get angry towards self, others, or towards God. Here Job neither got angry towards others or the God, but he got angry toward himself and cursed the day he was born. The third stage is the stage of bargaining, where someone bargains to get the life back as it was before. Job did not go to that stage even after his wife tells him to â€Å"renounce God and die†. In the fourth stage or the stage of depression Job did withdrew from his life and it is evidenced in the chapter 2: 11, 12 that he was sitting in the ashes for seven days and nights since his grief was so great and he was not even talking to his three friends who were sitting with him for those seven days and nights. In the final stage of acceptance, one usually accepts the loss. Here in Job’s example he was accepting whatever God has given him without questioning. He didn’t say any words against Him. He believed that the God does have a plan and He will do the right thing. Once Satan got failed Job was provided with all his wealth and health in double and he was blessed with ten children and lived a long life. The five stages of grief are not definite for each person and it does not occur as a linear fashion in everybody’s life. For example some people may get angry first then acceptance and depression. It depends on each persons living circumstances. it is different for each person. The same way grief can occur in a caregiver’s life too, especially during end-stage care. t is necessary to identify the signs and integrate these normal response to life Grief is not only about pain. Even in grief it can be mixed with joy. In an uncomplicated grief process, painful experiences are intermingled with positive feelings, such as relief, joy, peace, and happiness that emerge after the loss of an important person (Zisook Shear 2009). Frequently, these positive feelings elicit negative emotions of disloyalty and guilt in the bereaved. The writer considers healthy grief as a normal response and it will help to ease the stress and people show it differently. But any signs of prolonged grief should be taken care of seriously and get the support needed. Nurses’ grief resulting from the death of a patient is different from the grief experienced by the family. It may be hard to remain strong for the patient and family, while at the same time compartmentalizing the pain they feel for the loss of relationship with the patient and family. in the article, â€Å"creating a curtain of protection: nurses’ experiences of grief following patient death†, the authors says that nurses’ coping response incorporate spiritual worldview and caring rituals and nurses reate a curtain of protection to mitigate the grieving process and allow them to continue to provide supportive nursing care. In conclusion healthy grief is a normal response to a death or loss and knowing the different stages of grief will help to cope with the loss. The different stages occur differently for each person. Knowing the stages of grief will help the caregivers also to identify the signs of grief and help to cope with that. In a healthcare environment, the nurses have to be strong enough to support the patient and family and should be able to compartmentalize the pain they feel for the patient and family.

Dorothea E. Orems Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory :: Nursing Medical Caring Theory Essays

Dorothea E. Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader how Dorethea Orem’s nursing theory has been used in research. Orem begin developing her theory in the 1950’s, a time when most nursing conceptual models were based on other disciplines such as medicine, psychology and/or sociology (Fawcett, 2000). Orem’s theory is a three-part theory of self-care. The three theories that make up the general theory are: Self-Care, Self-Care Deficit, and Nursing Systems. The Self-Care theory states that adults deliberately learn and perform actions to direct their survival, quality of life, and well-being. Self-Care Deficit theory states that nursing is required because of the inability to perform self-care as the result of limitations. Nursing Systems theory is the product of nursing in nursing system(s) by which nurses use the nursing process to help individuals meet their self-care requisites and build their self-care or dependent-care capabilities. These three theories form the overall Self-Care Deficit Theory. (Alligood & Tomey, 2001) Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) is an important component of nursing’s theoretical knowledge. It is a highly developed and formalized theoretical system that includes the philosophical foundation, the general theory of nursing with its constituent elements, and an expanding body of knowledge that includes empirical research. The conceptual structure of SCDNT is constituted from six core concepts (self-care, therapeutic self-care demand, self-care agency, self-care deficit, nursing agency, nursing system, and one peripheral concept -basic conditioning factors. (Taylor, Geden, Isaramalai &, Wongvatunyu, 104) The capacity and ability of the individual to engage in self-care is termed self-care agency (SCA). The Therapeutic Self-Care Demand (TSCD) and SCA are influenced by a number of factors or variables referred to as basic conditioning factors (BCFs). The self-care system is an action system designed in response to the TSCD and is dependent on the quality of the individual’s self-care agency. (Geden & Taylor, 329) The first article we reviewed was titled An Empirical Test of a Self-Care Model of Women’s Responses to Battering. Battering was conceptualized with Orem’s theory as a situation requiring therapeutic self-care. Based on Orem’s theory of self-care deficit a model of women’s responses to battering was constructed. This model proposes that age, education, income, and cultural orientation are BCFs that directly related to relational conflict. This conflict would be negatively related to self-care agency and indirectly related to both outcomes of health and well-being. The proposed model suggests that the degree of relational conflict experienced by a woman in a battering situation is directly related to her ability to care for herself. Dorothea E. Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory :: Nursing Medical Caring Theory Essays Dorothea E. Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader how Dorethea Orem’s nursing theory has been used in research. Orem begin developing her theory in the 1950’s, a time when most nursing conceptual models were based on other disciplines such as medicine, psychology and/or sociology (Fawcett, 2000). Orem’s theory is a three-part theory of self-care. The three theories that make up the general theory are: Self-Care, Self-Care Deficit, and Nursing Systems. The Self-Care theory states that adults deliberately learn and perform actions to direct their survival, quality of life, and well-being. Self-Care Deficit theory states that nursing is required because of the inability to perform self-care as the result of limitations. Nursing Systems theory is the product of nursing in nursing system(s) by which nurses use the nursing process to help individuals meet their self-care requisites and build their self-care or dependent-care capabilities. These three theories form the overall Self-Care Deficit Theory. (Alligood & Tomey, 2001) Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) is an important component of nursing’s theoretical knowledge. It is a highly developed and formalized theoretical system that includes the philosophical foundation, the general theory of nursing with its constituent elements, and an expanding body of knowledge that includes empirical research. The conceptual structure of SCDNT is constituted from six core concepts (self-care, therapeutic self-care demand, self-care agency, self-care deficit, nursing agency, nursing system, and one peripheral concept -basic conditioning factors. (Taylor, Geden, Isaramalai &, Wongvatunyu, 104) The capacity and ability of the individual to engage in self-care is termed self-care agency (SCA). The Therapeutic Self-Care Demand (TSCD) and SCA are influenced by a number of factors or variables referred to as basic conditioning factors (BCFs). The self-care system is an action system designed in response to the TSCD and is dependent on the quality of the individual’s self-care agency. (Geden & Taylor, 329) The first article we reviewed was titled An Empirical Test of a Self-Care Model of Women’s Responses to Battering. Battering was conceptualized with Orem’s theory as a situation requiring therapeutic self-care. Based on Orem’s theory of self-care deficit a model of women’s responses to battering was constructed. This model proposes that age, education, income, and cultural orientation are BCFs that directly related to relational conflict. This conflict would be negatively related to self-care agency and indirectly related to both outcomes of health and well-being. The proposed model suggests that the degree of relational conflict experienced by a woman in a battering situation is directly related to her ability to care for herself.

Adapting Poe :: essays research papers fc

Differences in Film and Literature Today there are many differences between stories and film adaptations. When people read a book like Lord of The Rings they use one of the mind’s greatest things, the imagination. When people read the story they imagine how the characters look, the way they act, where the story takes place, and other of the setting. Then when a movie such as â€Å"Lord of the Rings† comes out, they see the movie and see how the director has interpreted the story, many people are either impressed because it is how they imagined it or they don’t like it because it is so different from the story and what they thought it would be. In most cases of a book or story gone Hollywood, the fans of the book generally don’t like it because it doesn’t fit the liking of the reader/viewer. Some reasons for a director to adapt the movie from its original literary counterpart may be that the description in a section of the book may be to elaborate or not elaborate enough and to expensive for a director and his/her company to create. The director will take something that he does not like or can not do and adapt it so that it fits his/her liking or the movie in general. The director may also add things that were not in the movie for other reasons like character development or a stronger plot line. One example of this is in Edgar Allen Poe’s short story Hop-Frog, also known as The Eight Chained Orangutans. This short story was adapted and turned into a one hour long TV movie called â€Å"Fool’s Fire† that aired on PBS in 1992. The was written and directed by Julie Taymor, based on a story by Edgar Allan Poe(New York Times). Page 2 In "Fool's Fire," the story revolves around Hop-Frog a jester. He is the one who must be the kings pet and must follow every command of the over weight king and his seven councilors, each who are very rude and mean to Hop-Frog. When a tiny dancer named Trippetta enters the picture, Hop-Frog has a secret crush on her and be-friends her. Then when the king throws a cup of wine in her face it pushes Hop-Frog to the edge. He plans his revenge in an elaborate plot that is thought up for one of the kings pranks.

Global economy: trading blows Essay

There has been diplomacy subtle between the US treasury and China over the China’s exchange rate. The issue has dominated the relationship of the two largest economies that would determine and shape the future of the world economy. US has however received occasional support from Europe and other selected emerging markets. The dispute is that, the Chinese currency policy unbalances the world economy and disadvantages the foreign companies. This has caused the white house to face challenges in the management of its trade and investment relationship with Beijing as it has been evident in the way the American businesses are discontented and fuelled by incidents such as the Google China censorship spat. US is however frustrated by the fact that it lacks the instruments to conduct the international trade policy in the modern economy. The tools it has are inadequate to cope with the interlocking web that China has used to distort the global trade and investment patterns whereby it uses state-sponsored policies. The US has in the past used old fashioned architecture of the trade policy of a metal bashing economy that is predictable as it focus on the exchange rate –on its manufacturers competing head on with Chinese companies in the American market. Though America has â€Å"trade defense â€Å"instruments like the antidumping, countervailing duty and safeguard measures , Chinese imports have not been stopped as evident September last year when one such tool was used provoking a storm of protest from free-traders. When China joined the WTO, US and Europe have got to use a lot of efforts to tame China’s dominance in the global market. However China has experienced growth as it becomes increasigingly interested in locating production locally and selling services like the telecommunications, information Technology and media under the rubric of its â€Å"indigenous innovation† policy. China has successful tamed the influence of US in its economy by claiming that she is modernizing her economy while it ascend the value of chain and ease way from dependence on foreign companies for investment and technology. Procurement is used to favor Chinese companies through idiosyncratic technical standards like the homegrown wireless technology which deny licensing to more familiar international standards. This has made the foreign business representatives criticize the policy publicly claiming that they are less and less welcomed in china. The menu of options available to mitigate such problem is limited. The most obvious is the litigation at the WTO. This option is one of the attractive ones that has made Beijing accepts the normal part of trade relations, not a declaration of war. It has drawback from the issue like IPR after it lost a case on the enforcement of IPR. On the issue of revaluing renminbi; that is allowing its currency to increase, China has made a bold step of abandoning its currency peg to the US dollar and adopting a more â€Å"flexible† exchange rate policy. This decision would temporarily cause international criticism as evident at the Canadian G20 summit that almost turned into a bash-China session before Beijing announced that that it was changing the policy. The US administration however notched that this was a victory for behind the scenes diplomacy as there was the risk that the currency dispute that would descend to into a trade war. This dispute had now been solved, the Obama administration claimed The economic impact of the policy has however been limited as renminbi has only appreciated by 0. 3 percent. Chinese officials have ruled out any significant increase in the value of currency given that there is a decline in the current account surplus. However there is some element of politics and Beijing is desperate to avoid an impression that it is giving into the foreign pressure as well as avoid a revive criticism by the US that she is gaming the trading system due to a foreseeable slow appreciation of the Chinese yen against the US dollar. References: Alan Beatie. (2010, July5). Global Economy: Trading Blows. Financial Times 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010 from

Ole Kirk Christiansen and the History of LEGO

Ole Kirk Christiansen and the History of LEGO Hailed as the â€Å"Toy of the Century,† the plastic Lego bricks that make up the Lego System of Play were invented by Ole Kirk Christiansen, a master carpenter, and his son, Godtfred Kirk. From these small interlocking bricks, which can be connected to assemble an infinite number of designs, Lego has evolved into a huge worldwide enterprise that makes toys and movies and runs theme parks. But before all that, Lego began as a carpentry business in the village of Billund, Denmark in 1932. Although he initially made stepladders and ironing boards, wooden toys became Christiansen’s most successful product. The company adopted the name LEGO in 1934. LEGO is formed from the Danish words LEg GOdt meaning play well. Fittingly enough, the company later learned that in Latin, lego means I put together. In 1947, the LEGO company was the first in Denmark to use a plastic injection molding machine for making toys. This allowed the company to manufacture Automatic Binding Bricks, created in 1949. These larger bricks, sold only in Denmark, deployed the stud-and-tube coupling system that was the forerunner of the Lego bricks the world has come to know.   Five years later, in 1954, the redesigned components were renamed LEGO Mursten or LEGO Bricks and the word LEGO was officially registered as a trademark in Denmark, positioning the company to launch the LEGO System of Play with 28 sets and 8 vehicles. The current LEGO stud-and-tube coupling system was patented in 1958 (Design Patent #92683). The new coupling principle made models much more stable. Today Lego is one of the biggest and most profitable toy companies in the world, with little sign of slowing down. And the LEGO brand has gone well beyond plastic toys: dozens of video games based on LEGO have been released, and in 2014 debuted to critical acclaim.

Should Same-Sex Marriages Be Made Legal

Should Same-Sex Marriages Be Made Legal Same-Sex Marriages Should Certainly Not Be Made Legal Our Changing World Calling something marriage does not make it marriage. Marriage has always been a covenant between a man and a woman which is by its nature ordered toward the procreation and education of children and the unity and wellbeing of the spouses. The promoters of same-sex â€Å"marriage† propose something entirely different. They propose the union between two men or two women. This denies the self-evident biological, physiological, and psychological differences between men and women which find their complementarity in marriage. It also denies the specific primary purpose of marriage: the perpetuation of the human race and the raising of children. Two entirely different things cannot be considered the same thing. Something is legal if it adheres to the law, and in America when the Supreme Court passes new federal legislation, then the states have the power to incorporate it into a state law. Despite the fact, that the world itself, as well as a lot of moral principles, is changing greatly these days same-sex marriage should not be made legal. In years past, it was an issue seldom discussed, but today homosexuality is a big problem. In a Christian society, marriage could exist only between man and woman, husband and wife. But, unfortunately, things are different today. Same-sex marriages could be made legal if the people vote to legalize it. In a democratic society, the people of a state or city or county votes to pass legislation usually once a federal institution like the Supreme Court of the United States of America deems something constitutional or not. If it becomes the will of the people, of the voting-friendly, democratic republic, then it becomes legal and should be strictly enforced.  Some people state that same-sex marriage should be made legal because everyone has the right to be happy, to marry the person who completes their lives, the person of their dreams, their lover, their life partner. But its a big lie. Same-sex relationship is nothing more than a sin. Healthy Family Healthy Society Our world really needs more people who are in love, who can start a family with the person they love. That makes for a better, safer, happier world with healthy, wealthy families. For that reason, men should marry women and women should marry men. Same-sex marriages destroy healthy mentality, moral principles, and peoples lives. Traditional marriage is usually so fecund that those who would frustrate its end must do violence to nature to prevent the birth of children by using contraception. It naturally tends to create families. On the contrary, same-sex â€Å"marriage† is intrinsically sterile. If the â€Å"spouses† want a child, they must circumvent nature by costly and artificial means or employ surrogates. The natural tendency of such a union is not to create families.Therefore, we cannot call a same-sex union marriage and give it the benefits of true marriage. Therefore, same-sex marriages should not be made legal, despite the fact that there are a number of same-sex couples in the world already. The world is and will be always changing, but it doesnt mean that its for better. Bible teaches how God punished Sodom and Gomorrah for the sin of homosexuality: â€Å"The Lord rained down sulfurous fire upon Sodom and Gomorrah. He overthrew those cities and the whole Plain, together with the inhabitants of the cities and the produce of the soil.†

Loneliness essays

Loneliness essays During the 1920s and 1930s, loneliness is a common theme in much of the literature and in many of the films set during this period. After World War One, many people found themselves with nothing to hold on to and with no one to go to. This was the period of the Great Depression. Loneliness is present in all kinds of people, rich and poor. Gatsby is rich and often surrounded by many people, yet he is lonely. George and Lennie are poor and only have each other. Candy, Crooks and May are poor and lonely. In The Great Gatsby, which is set in the Jazz Age, Gatsby often gives big parties but he is alwaysseen standing alone even though he is surrounded by many people. Most of the people who attend his parties are people he doesnt even know. Nick Carraway is the only person who tries to understand him and who finally takes responsibility for his funeral after the tragic turn of events. After all those parties and all those people, Nick is the only one who doesnt abandon him and who recognizes the extraordinary person that Gatsby was. Nick is thankful that his last words to Gatsby were, Theyre a rotten crowd. Youre better than the whole bunch put together. In the film The Heart is a Lonely Hunter the story is about many lonely people. These people are all drawn towards a central character, John Singer who is convincingly portrayed by Alan Arkin. Singer is a deaf mute and although nobody can really understand him he manages to find ways of helping others through their loneliness. As for himself, the only companion with whom he feels able to communicate, is Spiros Antonopolous, another deaf mute. When Antonopolous dies, Singer is desperate and the intense loneliness he feels finds no release. He takes his own life when there seems to be no one with whom to share his sorrow. John Steinbecks novel Of Mice and Men has been made into several film ver...

Security issues in delivering infrastructure as a service in cloud Literature review

Security issues in delivering infrastructure as a service in cloud computing and business - Literature review Example Cloud computing has emerged as a prominent computing paradigm, that promises to provide a cost and worry free solutions to consumer problems so that they can consume the services provided by the cloud without worrying about the maintenance and updating of the services they are consuming. Also it needs less investment in order to adopt a new IT infrastructure for the organization. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) cloud specifically provides the consumers with required hardware and software resources in order to host their complete software systems and run their business applications. This ease and flexibility however, comes with inherent security threats and risks that hinder the wide adoption of cloud computing in general. This document discusses the cloud computing IaaS paradigm in detail and the security threats that can be faced by the consumers, consuming the services under IaaS cloud. Introduction Cloud computing is a quickly and extensively evolving paradigm in the world of i nformation technology and it is basically the resultant of the trend of service provision to remote users. The theme of cloud computing is that all computational resources and assets are offered by the cloud service providers to the remote users all around the globe as a service. It does not require the users to have proper knowledge and proficiency in a particular domain or technology in order to manage the resources and user can access them through the internet. Cloud computing is a fairly innovative computing model and has been prominent in the field of information technology over the past years. The cloud computing model enables the subscribers to utilize the computing resources and assets at the time of need, without investing a higher amount of money and frees them from the worries about the complication involved in adopting other options. Nevertheless the huge numbers of implementations that have gotten so much higher reputation among the community of IT are oriented towards a particular business and are commercial so it does not support the users with complex and bigger requirements and relatively little financial resources (Cunsolo et al., 2010; Cunsolo et al., 2009; Osorio et al., 2012). The trend of cloud computing is rapidly growing. Cloud computing methodology is vastly ubiquitous in this technological period. However we can define cloud computing technology as an idea or a trend. In this scenario, cloud computing is a useful technique for accessing various applications with storage capacity from a distant location via internet link. Thus it is not an advance standard approach. On the other hand, the cloud computing is an ideal solution for the management and provision of applications, information and data as a service. Additionally, these services are provided over the internet, often on a consumption-based model. In this way we can say that cloud computing  is a technological aspect that is used in main servers and internet to sustain informat ion as well as programs. Usually it is known as a  grid of computers  that are useful for serves like a service oriented structural design. Hence this design is used for delivering software along with information. Moreover cloud computing facilitates its users and business related modules to make use of applications without paying any cost. Therefore users may access their private data and information through computers, which have internet connection. Cloud computing technological aspects facilitate us through well-organized and resourceful computing with centralizing memory allocation, storage space, bandwidth and processing (Cleveland et al., 2011; TechTarget, 2007;

MOD 3 TD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MOD 3 TD - Essay Example The company earns high sales when the each of the numerous consumers purchases the goods that they prefer from the company’s online store. The high sales then enhance the company to reap high benefits that enable it to recover from the financial crisis of 2008. The strength of Overstock.com may enable the organization to take advantage of the opportunity that it has of increasing growth. The company may expand into the offline market where consumers purchase goods from physical stores. This is because currently the organization sells its products only to the consumers who buy from its website on the internet (Overstock, 2014). Overstock.com will increase its sales and returns by high margins when it invests in the offline market. This expansion will also enable the company to acquire information systems that will enable the management to store and analyze information. The information system will also enable the company to become more efficient than it is currently (Dess,

Risk analysis related to information security and infrastructure Research Paper

Risk analysis related to information security and infrastructure protection - Research Paper Example ectives and goals of performing a risk analysis on infrastructure and security protection, the target audience for whom a risk analysis is performed, the steps necessary for performing a risk analysis including assessment and evaluation, threats and cost-effective security measures, the types of securities to be included in a risk analysis for recommendation purposes, and how to mitigate a security threat and address it accordingly. Risk analysis on infrastructure and security is can be performed at various levels and many degrees of detail. Risk analysis reports can cover every business aspect. Risk analysis may be performed by both big and small organizations, and even individuals. Informal decision making follows not a comprehensive step of an elaborate risk analyses. There is no clear standard in making decision on where to draw the line on depth of analysis of risk. The process of risk analysis illustrates that there is no particular, one solution to security, and therefore the required attempts and efforts to have all risks eliminated would overwhelm organizations. However, all identified relevant factors to an organization needs to be weighed in order to have a particular acceptable risk level that can be matched to the strategy of risk management. Risk analysis hence involves anticipating the most probable outcome and allocating the resources available in order to address that outcome (Hollinger, 1997). The objectives and goals of performing a risk analysis on infrastructure and security protection are to identify and determine threats to infrastructure and security, and to provide recommendations that address the identified threats. Another goal and objective may be to protect individual components such as hardware, software, and other connected devices. Although it may be easy to replace a hard drive, the information content may be irreplaceable and therefore loss may be a catastrophe to an organization. The target audience for whom a risk analysis is

Hakuin's art associated with Zen's mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hakuin's art associated with Zen's mind - Essay Example The art surprised out from him as an over whelming response to express his vision over Zen. His painting and inscriptions had spread all over the Japan about his genius wisdom and his wily sense of hum -our. Of about a thousand or more of Hawkins paintings survive till today. Hakuin felt that word are not the only media through which Zen could be passed on to the bent genere, but there are others respects through which teachings of Zen can be visualized. His paintings were filed with novel ideas that never existed before, with liveliness and as through it is the source of Zen, they represented of new themes to a great extent. He regarded the paintings as visual sermons. Though he started painting at the age of sixty, he is considered as one of the greatest painter of Japanese tradition The Zen master started following Hakuin, taking him as example to teach through brush and ink. This tradition is being carried on till today. The main aim in making the paintings is to inspire and instruct about the Zen, that has a very exclusive set of aesthetics principles. The paintings doesn't depict the pure aesthetic phenomena of Zen and so it was reversed as "folk art" The art of Zen doesn't had any pictorial representation of mind, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, simple of complex. It even ignores the round Zen circles. The thing that is given highest importance in Zen art is the level of "bokki" included in the work. "bokki" here is enlightment of the soul that is achieved thought continuously meditating suppleness, clarity, vigor, intensity, extension and scale through art. And hence the work of art represents the state of enlightment in the artist. The Zen masters, to bring enlightment from deep inside the mind of the people, they performed the duty of shouting as for, they realized that any pain within could be drawn out and that energy is the heat equalized with shouts. So they can cool down their pupil and then give a sharp blow of enlightment. This way he is mobilizing the eyes properly and they attain enlightment unswervingly. Some of the Hakuin's paintings depicted bodhisattva or were almost Buddha like statures. He first outlined and brushed them deeply and filled color lightly. "Daruma", a Zen patriarch was Hakuin's major subject, and the first subject he painted for. The works of Hakuin's with an impression of monumentality conveys that they are with full of sprit and are very vital but exist in an animated manner. The boudhi dharma or Daruma and its spirit work out the real Zen. Hakuin added the most vital messages to the drawings of Daruma, which directly pointed to the heart of the human and insisted the pupil to see their own nature and become Buddha. According to him a human heart has Buddha hood deep within. The Zen is depicted using very few words. Mostly, it is depicted quietly. Enlightment is not attained by the unblinking eyes or by carefully mobilized eyes but by going to a state of immobility. He also taught that students must take care in spreading their rare, innate, own penetrating old wit. They should stay firmly instead. Hakuin as said to be had given lecture fourteen

Disaster Recovery Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Disaster Recovery Plan - Term Paper Example The group is also responsible for the overall direction, decision-making, and approvals required in implementation of Business Continuity Plan in the event of disasters. Following are the member of incident Management Group (Kadlec & Shropshire, 2010) The Emergency Response Team (ERT) shall be responsible for the maintenance & compliance of disaster prevention measures and response in case of a disaster. The ERT shall comprise people from the Administration Department, which will be led by the Head of Department. Recovery Participants (RP) shall actively participate in the activities of resumption of critical business functions of their department. Below are the key responsibilities of an RPs of every department: Non-Recovery Participants (NRPs) shall be used only in case of emergency or as resumption progresses as the Backup Site or Primary Site. They will coordinate with the RPs and wait for their instructions. Below are responsibilities of an NRP of every department: Guster, D., McCann, B., Krzenski, K., & Lee, O. F. (2008). A cost effective, safe, and simple method to provide a disaster recovery plan to small and medium sized businesses. Review of Business Research, 8(4),

Hakuin's art associated with Zen's mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hakuin's art associated with Zen's mind - Essay Example The art surprised out from him as an over whelming response to express his vision over Zen. His painting and inscriptions had spread all over the Japan about his genius wisdom and his wily sense of hum -our. Of about a thousand or more of Hawkins paintings survive till today. Hakuin felt that word are not the only media through which Zen could be passed on to the bent genere, but there are others respects through which teachings of Zen can be visualized. His paintings were filed with novel ideas that never existed before, with liveliness and as through it is the source of Zen, they represented of new themes to a great extent. He regarded the paintings as visual sermons. Though he started painting at the age of sixty, he is considered as one of the greatest painter of Japanese tradition The Zen master started following Hakuin, taking him as example to teach through brush and ink. This tradition is being carried on till today. The main aim in making the paintings is to inspire and instruct about the Zen, that has a very exclusive set of aesthetics principles. The paintings doesn't depict the pure aesthetic phenomena of Zen and so it was reversed as "folk art" The art of Zen doesn't had any pictorial representation of mind, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, simple of complex. It even ignores the round Zen circles. The thing that is given highest importance in Zen art is the level of "bokki" included in the work. "bokki" here is enlightment of the soul that is achieved thought continuously meditating suppleness, clarity, vigor, intensity, extension and scale through art. And hence the work of art represents the state of enlightment in the artist. The Zen masters, to bring enlightment from deep inside the mind of the people, they performed the duty of shouting as for, they realized that any pain within could be drawn out and that energy is the heat equalized with shouts. So they can cool down their pupil and then give a sharp blow of enlightment. This way he is mobilizing the eyes properly and they attain enlightment unswervingly. Some of the Hakuin's paintings depicted bodhisattva or were almost Buddha like statures. He first outlined and brushed them deeply and filled color lightly. "Daruma", a Zen patriarch was Hakuin's major subject, and the first subject he painted for. The works of Hakuin's with an impression of monumentality conveys that they are with full of sprit and are very vital but exist in an animated manner. The boudhi dharma or Daruma and its spirit work out the real Zen. Hakuin added the most vital messages to the drawings of Daruma, which directly pointed to the heart of the human and insisted the pupil to see their own nature and become Buddha. According to him a human heart has Buddha hood deep within. The Zen is depicted using very few words. Mostly, it is depicted quietly. Enlightment is not attained by the unblinking eyes or by carefully mobilized eyes but by going to a state of immobility. He also taught that students must take care in spreading their rare, innate, own penetrating old wit. They should stay firmly instead. Hakuin as said to be had given lecture fourteen

Your Change Story Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Your Change Story - Assignment Example As a competitor, IBM marketed its products through the slogan â€Å"Think†. To position themselves above IBM, Steve Jobs created the slogan â€Å"Think Different† and removed the word â€Å"computer† from the company name. His vision in doing this was that it would remove the notion that Apple’s only specialty was computers, which brought in innovative products in other fields such as iPods, iPhones and iPads. The reason behind the success of such diversity was the creation of a new platform for mobile applications through the App store as well as music through iTunes. In particular, the iPad successfully captured the tablet market. This was a bold move away from traditions, where it would be expected that a company would identify a market segment and strive to meet that segment’s needs. Instead, Apple sought to serve a wide range of consumers in an approach that can be perceived as â€Å"something for everyone†. They have high-end computers for serious business people, fancy mobile phones for the youth, iPods for portable music for teenagers and iPads for travelling business

Smoking in the UK - economic analysis of its costs Essay Example for Free

Smoking in the UK economic analysis of its costs Essay United Kingdom was the original state of smoking prevalence and smoking has caused widespread death of the first countries. According to ASH1 (2011) there are about 10 million adults who smoke cigarettes in Great Britain which is about a sixth of the total UK population. Throughout the United Kingdom, there was about one-third per cent of all the middle ages deaths caused by smoking. Therefore, United Kingdom is one of the most importance states of tobacco control. Government control on cigarette consumption through different instruments such as advertising-all advertising and promotion of tobacco are banned in the UK; taxation-taxation is probably the most effective means of reducing tobacco consumption. Raising tobacco prices through taxation can result in significant benefits to the economy. For instance, a 5% price increase would result in 190,000 fewer smokers and increase government revenue by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½520 million per year in the first five years. As can be seen in figure 1, the numbers show that between 1991 and 2001 the retail price of cigarettes increased by about 80% in real terms. This is explained to a large extent by tax increases; over the same period the proportion of tax in the retail price rose from 73% to 80%. 1.2 Definition 1.2.1 External benefit External benefit is the benefit to the third party who is not involved into the activity which causes the cost (Anderton, 2008:96) 1.2.2 External cost External cost is the cost to the third party who is not involved into the activity which causes the cost (Anderton, 2008:96) 1.3 Theory This topic exist the relationship between demand and price which is if price increases, the quantity demanded becomes lower. Furthermore, taxation is a factor of the increase and decrease of demand and supply. Besides, advertising also is an important factor to influence the demand of cigarette. 1.4 Aims This article will tell you the positive and negative externalities of cigarette smoking. Moreover, it offers how effective the government had been done for reducing consumption of cigarette and also the other opinions of government instruments which can control the consumption of tobacco are included. 2. Finding 2.1 External benefit of smoking Nowadays, there is a great deal of data show that cigarette is not good for our human. However, smoking cigarette still has its advantage. According to an article published in 1995 in Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, the smoking rates of schizophrenics have much higher than people with other mental illnesses. Therefore, smoking cigarette can alleviate symptoms of mental illnesses such as anxiety and schizophrenia. 2.2 External cost of smoking 2.21 Secondhand smoking In a research, passive smoking cause about 600,000 deaths per year all over the world. (ASH 1,2011)Thus, secondhand smoking is a big problem in UK. It is not only passive smoker easier than the smoker to get decease; it is also influence the later generations. According to an article Smoking in Public place (2003) shows that the link between passive smoking and both lung cancer and coronary heart disease, increasing the risk for each by around 25%. Secondhand smoking also does harm to babies and children which with an increased risk of respiratory infections, increased severity of asthma symptoms, more frequent occurrence of chronic coughs, phlegm and wheezing, and increased risk of cot death and glue ear.(ASH1, 2011) 2.3 The policy of UK Government ?2.31 The ban of advertising Advertisement has high influence in propagating. Thus, prohibiting the advertising of cigarette is a useful way to control the consumption of tobacco. The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act which was enacted in 2003, prohibited virtually all forms of tobacco advertising and promotion, including print media and billboards, and sponsorship of sport was finally forbidden by July 2005. Moreover, as the ASH (2011) said that the UK Government estimated that banning cigarette advertising would lead to the decrease of consumption of around 3%. 2.32 The prohibiting in public place Smoking in public places and workplaces is now banned by law in UK. Except some places which include guest bedrooms in hotels and certain rooms in care homes, hospices and prisons. (ASH, 2011)Other public place and work place must no smoking such as restaurant. One typical example is Pizza Hut restaurants where smoking has no longer been permitted in all the 350 restaurants since early this year (Smoking in public place, 2003) 3. Discussions 3.1 Taxation Raising tobacco prices through increase taxation is a useful means. Smoking always bad for our health and a lot of young people also smoke. Controlling consumption of tobacco by taxation is probably the most effective (and certainly the most cost-effective) means. As we can see in Table2, the tax of cigarette was always increasing from 1990 to 2011.So when the price of tobacco increase, the demand of cigarette follows decrease. According to ASH 3the Treasury earned à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10.5 billion in revenue from tobacco duties for the financial year 2009-2010 (including VAT) Thus, government can control the consumption of cigarette reducing so that decreases the death of people who died because of smoking. From a data The UK tax paid tobacco market is worth around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14 billion. The market is dominated by cigarettes, which represent 93.3% of the total duty paid market(ASH,2011), we can imagine how great extent the government increases the duty of cigarette. The taxation is about 76% of the price of a packet of cigarettes. The price of cigarettes has a major effect on cigarette consumption. Higher tobacco taxes reduce smoking and smoking related sickness people, so the number of smoker will cut down. Some people who have no high income will stop smoking, or never start because of the high cost. 3.2Advertising Advertisement is a very useful way to propagate. Thus, the government in UK is aware enough of this fact and declares martial law of advertising. AS the ASH said that the Government estimated that the ban on tobacco advertising in the UK would lead to a drop in consumption of around 3%, saving approximately 3000 lives in the long term.(ASH,2010)Most conspicuous forms of tobacco advertising and promotion in the UK were banned and all the package of cigarette must be normal not magnificent. All forms of tobacco advertising and promotion are banned in the UK with the exception of limited advertising at the point of sale. This will end when a ban on the display of tobacco products in large shops enters into force from 6 April 2012. Small shops will have until April 2015 to comply with the law.(ASH3, 2011)Moreover, the UK government introduced picture warnings on cigarette packs in October 2008. The picture of package will make smoker feel nausea because the picture is about what result after people smoking such as yellow tooth or black lung. This is also the efficacious means to reduce the consumption of tobacco and the number of smokers. 4. Conclusion 4.1 Summary All in all, smoking has more disadvantages than advantages even only harm and no good. As we all know, teenager smoking is also a problem which must be solved. It is easy to get disease and smokers often live in a short life. So governments try various devices to restrain the consumption of cigarette to resolve these problems. 4.2 Recommendation In order to efficaciously control the consumption of cigarette, government can set up more festival about banning smoking and propagate some preferential policy. For example, when people agree to give up smoking, the person will get corresponding subsidize. 5. Reference Anderton.A(2008) Economics(5th Edition) Harlow Person Education ASH1(2011)[online]Smoking statistics Available at http://www.ash.org.uk/information/facts-and-stats/fact-sheets [Accessed at 16/12/2011] ASH2 (2011)[online]Tobacco regulation Available at http://www.ash.org.uk/information/facts-and-stats/fact-sheets [Accessed at 16/12/2011] ASH3 (2011)[online]Tobacco economics Available at http://www.ash.org.uk/information/facts-and-stats/fact-sheets [Accessed at 16/12/2011] Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. [online]Volume 29, Issue 6. 2005; 1021-1034 Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763405000874[Accessed at 7/12/2011] Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2003) Smoking in public place Available at http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/pn206.pdf

Investigation of Effectiveness of Clozapine

Investigation of Effectiveness of Clozapine Catarina Scott-Beaulieu Abstract: (250) Background: Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic used for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. It is effective in treating the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia with a reduced chance of extrapyramidal side effects compared with other typical antipsychotics. Clozapine is known to have cardiac side effects including, but not limited to, myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Approximately 75% of cases, of clozapine-induced myocarditis, occur within the first month of titration, highlighting the need for monitoring. Objectives: To assess the extent to which the monitoring guidelines for myocarditis, at a London mental health trust, are being followed. Method: Patients who were registered with ZTAS from June 2014 to October 2016, at the trust,  Ã‚   were identified. Data was collected based on the audit tool created from the guidelines. Using the patient notes and laboratory data, found using the trusts operating systems, data was collected and stored in the audit tool. Key findings: The monitoring standards were met for full blood count in the week prior to initiation and in week 3. No other standards were met. Conclusion: Introduction: (500-1000) Clozapine is the first atypical antipsychotic created and is used in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, which is defined as a lack of or an inadequate response to at least two antipsychotics.[1] It is a dibenzodiazepine derivative antipsychotic and interferes with dopamine binding with a strong affinity for D4-dopaminergic receptors   and 5-HT2a serotonergic receptor affinity [2], in addition it has an anticholinergic effect and antagonizes histaminergic receptors. [3, 4] Clozapine is useful in treating both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia [4] and is less likely to cause extrapyramidal side effects when compared to first generation typical antipsychotics such as haloperidol[5, 6]. It has also been shown to significantly reduce the suicidal behaviors in schizophrenic patients [1, 7]. However, it is not used as a first line treatment due to its extensive side effect profile, most recognized being agranulocytosis which occurs in approximately 1% of patients in the first year of treatment [8, 9], explaining the need for regular, mandatory hematological tests for the duration of clozapine treatment. Other side effects include fever [4], metabolic effects and seizures.[4, 6, 10] Agranulocytosis, however, is not the only potentially fatal side effect of clozapine use. There is an increasing number of clozapine-related cardiac complaints reported in the literature, resulting in cardiac effects from clozapine treatment having become more recognized over the past few years. [5, 7] Whilst tachycardia is a common side effect it can be indicative of other, potentially more serious, cardiac effects such as cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. [9] Myocarditis is an inflammatory process of the myocardium, which is often of viral aetiology but may also include bacterial, fungal and drug-induced.[11, 12] The condition presents with a wide range of symptoms such as chest discomfort, flu-like symptoms and abnormal vital signs [9] and most are non-specific.[2] Reported cases of clozapine-induced myocarditis range from 0.15% to 1.2%,[5, 8, 13-15] with the highest incidence being reported in Australia, >1%. [16] Time to onset varies, but over 75% of cases occur within the first month of treatment. [12, 16-18] Endomyocardial biopsy was the gold standard for diagnosing myocarditis, but the procedure has only limited sensitivity and specificity. It was by proposed Ronaldson et al.[18] in 2011 that combining C-reactive protein (CRP) and troponin T/I would give a sensitivity for clozapine-induced myocarditis of 100%. This is a less invasive method of diagnosis, with a higher specificity and sensitivity for myocarditis and has led to the current guidelines that are in place for the monitoring of clozapine treatment. Whilst clozapine-induced myocarditis is still rare, the need for consistent monitoring within the first month of treatment is needed to ensure any possible cases are detected early, allowing for prompt treatment, increasing the chances of a better outcome for the patient.[1] This audit aims to assess the extent to which the monitoring guidelines for myocarditis, at a London mental health trust, are being followed. Assessments will explore the extent to which the recommended additional blood tests, CRP and troponin, are being completed and the extent to which the advised echocardiogram (ECG) are being followed. Additionally, it will aim to check to see if a clinician is checking the above objectives and assess the extent to which the nursing staff are asking the patients about signs and symptoms of myocarditis. Method: (500-1000) This audit was designed to investigate the extent to which the monitoring requirements, in regards to clozapine initiation and titration within the first four weeks of treatment, at a London mental health trust had been completed. The monitoring requirements audited were specific to the detection and diagnosis of myocarditis. Data collection occurred between October 2016 and February 2017. It is a baseline, retrospective audit of case notes and laboratory data. As per the Health Research Authority regulations, this audit did not require ethical approval. Audit standards and audit tool The standards used in this audit were taken from the trusts clozapine guideline, which can be found in table 3. The monitoring requirements for the detection of myocarditis involve an ECG, vital sign monitoring (pulse, blood pressure, temperature) and CRP and troponin T blood tests. These had to be completed prior to initiation and weekly for the first four weeks after initiation. It is also necessary for clinicians to verify the results of the CRP and troponin T tests, and for the nurses or clinicians to check if the patient has had any signs or symptoms of myocarditis. For the purpose of this audit, criterion 1 and 3 (table 3) will be met if the results of the investigations were documented. Criterion 2 (table 3) will be met if the clinician has made specific reference to CRP and troponin T tests in the patient notes, criterion 4 (table 3) will be met if there is specific reference to questions being asked about myocarditis symptoms. An audit tool was created using the specified mo nitoring requirements mentioned in the clozapine guideline, a template of the audit tool can be found in table x. Identifying patients to be involved in the audit Clozapine patients require regular and frequent prophylactic blood tests in order to initiate and continue treatment. As such, there is a mandatory need for patients to be registered to a clozapine monitoring service database, which collects and stores the results from the weekly blood tests. Zaponex Treatment Access System (ZTAS) is the monitoring company that was used by the trust. ZTAS provided a list of patients who were registered with them whilst under the care of the trust, from June 2014 to October 2016. This resulted in a total of n=57 patients. The patients were selected to be used in the audit after they adhered to the inclusion criteria, which are shown below. Data Collection Data was collected using various information sources at the hospital. Data on haematological tests were collected systematically from ZTAS, bloodresults.co.uk, and the trust clinical portal. ZTAS and bloodresults.co.uk offered information on the standard full blood count (FBC) monitoring that takes place weekly. The trusts clinical portal was used to collect information on other heamatological tests, CRP and troponin T; this source was also used to check any other available FBC test results. RiO, the trusts operating system, was used to collect information on the other standards being measured in this audit (criterion 2, 3 and 4)(table 3). The data collected was stored in the audit tool. ( table x) Inclusion and exclusion criteria The inclusion of the patients in the audit required them to have been registered with ZTAS at the trust between June 2014 and October 2016. It was also necessary for the patient to have started some (at least two) of the required monitoring standards prior to initiation. Prior monitoring requirements included an ECG within a maximum of 3 months prior to initiation and  Ã‚   FBC, CRP and troponin T within 10 days of the initiation date.   Vital sign monitoring such as pulse, blood pressure and temperature were included if they had been completed a maximum of 7 days before initiation. Patients were excluded from the audit if they had been transferred from another trust and were already on a controlled clozapine treatment regime. Method of data analysis Data analysis and statistical analysis was completed using Microsoft Excel 2013. Overview As stated previously, clozapine is associated with an increased risk of myocarditis, which has been fatal in some cases. Preventative monitoring measures for myocarditis are advised at this trust. Baseline troponin T, CRP and ECG should be done prior to beginning treatment and then weekly for the following first four weeks after initiation. These measures are specific in identifying myocarditis, but should also be done in concordance with standard monitoring during treatment. The standard monitoring procedures include pulse, blood pressure and temperature to be completed every other day and FBC weekly. These monitoring procedures are necessary in helping to diagnose myocarditis; symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific, but tend to indicate the presence of an infection (fever) or simulate myocardial infarction (chest pain). Nurses and practitioners are advised to question patients on the appearance of any side effects similar to myocardial infarction to help ascertain if they could h ave myocarditis. Patient demographics and study data In total, n=57 patients were reviewed. Of those, n=3 patients were excluded based upon the inclusion and exclusion criteria described in the method. Of the remaining n=54 patients, n= 6   (11.11%) patients did not initiate clozapine treatment, but n=5 were included in the audit as they had started the monitoring required prior to initiating treatment. Reasons for not initiating treatment are outlined in table 1. A total of n= 3 patients ceased clozapine treatment in week one (n=2) and during week three (n=1); one patient was persistently tachycardic, one patient refused to continue treatment and one patient was severely hypotensive. The patient group (n=53) was predominantly male 66% (n=35), 34% (n=18) were female. The mean age of patients who initiated treatment (n=48) was 34.42 years old, with the youngest patient age being 16.92 years old and the oldest being 65.21 years old. Length of treatment was calculated as the time between a patient commencing clozapine treatment and either ceasing clozapine or the end of the audit period. A total of n=10 patients were excluded from the calculation, as they either did not start treatment or the end of treatment time was not able to be calculated; reasons for exclusion are explained in table 2. The mean length of treatment was 387 days  ±268, with the shortest length of treatment being 1 day and the longest being 873 days. Of the 53 patients involved at the start of the audit, 65% (n=35) were initiated on an inpatient basis; this means the patients were initiated at the hospital, on a ward. ECG monitoring A baseline ECG had been completed in 96% (n=51)(Figure 1) of patients within 3 months prior to the commencement of clozapine. One patient refused to have an ECG prior to initiation. The percentage of patients who received ECGs decreased to 20% (n=9), 24% (n=11), 17%(n=8) and 9% (n=4) of patients for the following 4 weeks after commencement respectively. A total of 41 out of 45 (Table 4) patients did not receive an ECG in week four of clozapine titration. During week one, a patient complained of flu like symptoms and was given an ECG to rule out myocarditis; likewise, one patient during week three was given an ECG after complaining of centralized chest pain. Temperature monitoring The quantity of patients who had recorded temperatures fluctuated through-out the weeks, being highest in week two of monitoring (n=. Week four had the lowest recorded amount of temperature monitoring of all 5 weeks at patients 69% (n=31) (table 4). In week one, n=2 patients refused to have measurements taken. Pulse and blood pressure monitoring The amount of patients who did not receive BP monitoring was highest in the week prior to initiating clozapine (n=13) and in week four (n=13). The highest proportion of patients who had their blood pressures taken occurred during week one at 96% (n=44 ), with 63% (n=29) of them having their blood pressure taken once and 34% (n=15) having their blood pressure taken twice (one reading measured whilst lying or sitting and one reading measured whilst standing). Week four had the highest proportion of patients who did not have their pulse measured at 29% (n=13) (table 4). One patient was discontinued from clozapine after one day of treatment when the BP check revealed them to be extremely hypotensive, in conjunction with a rapid pulse. Full blood count monitoring FBC monitoring occurred in the highest proportion of patients throughout the monitoring period; 100%, 98%, 93%, 100% and 96% respectively. CRP and Troponin monitoring The majority (>50%) of patients did not receive CRP or troponin T blood tests throughout the duration of the monitoring period. Figure 2 shows a substantial decrease in the number of patients who had CRP tests prior to initiation (n=25) and the following weeks (n=10, n=11,n=11, n=7 respectively). A large propotion of patients (84%, n= 38) did not receive CRP blood tests during their fourth week of clozapine treatement. The number of patients who received troponin T tests were less than those who received CRP tests. Only 36%(n=19) of patients received troponin T tests prior to initiation, reducing to 26%(n=12), 20%(n=9), 15%(n=7) and 9%(n=4) in the following four weeks after initiation respectively. There were n=14 patients who had no CRP or troponin T tests throughout the entirety of the monitoring period. There were no patients who had weekly CRP and troponin T tests throughout the duration of the mointoring period. Other monitoring parameters In total, the number of patients who had their CRP and troponin checked by clinicians was less than 100% in all cases (69% (n=9), 75% (n=9), 56% (n=6) and 63% (n=5) for weeks one through four respectively).   Due to the lack of data regarding criterion 4 (table 3), there are no results available to be discussed. Summary of main findings FBC monitoring requirements were met in the week prior to monitoring and in week three. All other standards were not met in any of the five weeks. Over all, there was a better outcome seen in the week prior to initiation for most of the standards. CRP and troponin T tests were completed in less than 50% of patients throughout the five weeks measured. Likewise, excluding the week prior to initiation, less than 50% of patients received an ECG for weeks one to four. Limitations Study data was collected using patient notes and the trusts clinical portal, data was therefore reliant on the relevant health care professional entering the information onto the systems. Consequently, the lack of data could be attributed to the lack of documentation of the monitoring, as opposed to the lack of monitoring all together, especially in regards to criterion 4 (table 3). No useful results could be drawn for criterion 4 and criterion 2 may have also been significantly affected by a lack of documentation. The sample size of this audit was small (n=53), any conclusions drawn from this data may not be relevant to a larger sample size. However, in future studies, a larger sample size could be used, if this is not possible the audit could be expanded to include other trusts. Results could also be affected if the patient refused to have the relevant monitoring required, as advised in the trusts clozapine guidelines.    This audit is the first one to be completed at this trust, therefore it cannot be compared to any previous data. However, the results are being measured against set standards (table x) and can be used to compare to future audits. Results in context      Ã‚   Clozapine is highly effective in the management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia; it reduces the risk of suicidal behaviours[5, 6]and it is effective in the treatment of both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.[1] It is not widely used due to its extensive side effect profile [8], most recognised being haematological disorders, such as agranulocytosis and neutropenia which have strict monitoring protocols in place.   However, cardiac side effects of clozapine treatment have become more widely recognised over the past few years.[5] Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition of the myocardium, which is normally attributed to viral aetiology. Clozapine-induced myocarditis is a rare, but potentially fatal result of treatment. Over 75% of cases occur within the first month of treatment, making it important to monitor for myocarditis during the first four weeks of treatment.[2, 14-16] A study by Ronaldson et al.[18] developed an evidence-based monitoring tool, based on 75 cases and 94 controls for routine monitoring up to 28 days. It suggested that an ECG, CRP and troponin I/T should be completed at baseline, with routine vitals every other day. CRP and troponin I/T tests should also be repeated on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. This study proposes that combining CRP and troponin tests provides a 100% sensitivity for myocarditis. The trusts clozapine guidelines also suggest the same monitoring protocol, with the addition of an ECG every week, for the first four weeks. Individuals with schizophrenia have a 20% shorter life expectancy than that of the general population and a greater vulnerability to several illnesses (diabetes, coronary heart disease).[19] Due to the nature of the illness and the heightened health risks associated with schizophrenia and the antipsychotic medications used in its treatment, it is important to adhere to the relevant monitoring protocols. It is evident, from the results, that the proposed guidelines for the monitoring of clozapine-induced myocarditis are not being met. Likewise, a number of studies have shown a poor adherence to standards in the monitoring of antipsychotic medications.[20] Physicians may have doubts about the relevance of monitoring, or feel that it is not necessary as the incidence of myocarditis is very low; rate of incidence occur in approximately 0.15-1.2%[1, 13, 21] of patients. If we consider other medications with stringent monitoring protocols, such as insulin, due to health care professionals awareness of this medication and the implications if the standards are not met, there is often a higher standard of monitoring. There may also be an implication of cost; extensive monitoring is often expensive, making it appear to be an unnecessary expense, particularly when the chances of myocarditis occurring are very low. Health care professionals may have a lack of awareness of the need for the monitoring of myocarditis, and the implications if these are not met. The incidence of fatality due to clozapine-induced myocarditis can be as high as 50%[1], making it important to abide by the set guidelines. The monitoring guidelines are made to reduce the harm caused to patients and reduce the possibility of fatalities. However, a delayed diagnosis could result in poorer outcomes for the patients.[1] The standards allow for earlier detection and diagnosis of myocarditis, reducing the chance of poorer outcomes. The results of this audit indicate a need for an increased awareness of clozapine-induced myocarditis among health care professionals. This would improve the clinicians awareness of the need for the monitoring of myocarditis and highlight the implications if the standards are not met. A standardised questionnaire could be created to monitor the signs and symptoms of myocarditis and be used by nurses to document the results, this could be incorporated into the clinical notes. This baseline audit emphasises the need for future re-audits, to evaluate whether the standards have improved. Table 1: Reasons for not initiating treatment Number of patients (n) Consistent amber results 1 Patient changed mind/ refused 2 Previous health conditions made the patient unsuitable to start clozapine 2 Unknown 1 Total 6 Table 2: Reasons for not being included it length of treatment calculation Number of patients (n) Never initaited clozapine 6 Patient transferred to another trust 2 Patient returned to country of origin (unknown if they continued treatment) 2 Total 10 Table 3: Policy Title Clozapine Guide Trust-Wide Medication Policy Date July 2016 Local/National Local Standard Setting Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Criterion 3 Criterion 4 Criterion Full blood count, including troponin T, CRP, neutrophil and white blood cell count should be done prior to initiating clozapine and then weekly for the first four weeks. A clinician verifies the blood test results every week before treatment can be approved. An ECG is to be performed prior to clozapine commencement and every week for the first four weeks after initiation of clozapine. A nurse or physician enquires about the signs and symptoms of myocarditis weekly for the first 4 weeks of titration. Target 100% 100% 100% 100% Exceptions None None None None Table 4: Monitoring Prior to initiating (Total number of patients n=53) Week 1 (Total number of patients n=46) Week 2 (Total number of patients n=46) Week 3 (Total number of patients n=46) Week 4   (Total number of patients n=45) ECG Yes 51 (96%) 9 (20%) 11 (24%) 8 (17%) 4 (9%) No 2 (4%) 37 (80%) 35 (76%) 38 (83%) 41 (91%) Blood pressure Taken once 36 (68%) 29 (63%) 26 (56%) 25 (54%) 21 (47%) Taken twice 4 (7.5%) 15 (33%) 15 (33%) 12 (26%) 11 (24%) Not taken 13 (24.5%) 2 (4%) 5 (11%) 9 (20%) 13 (29%) Temperature Yes 39 (74%) 38 (83%) 40 (87%) 37 (80%) 31 (69%) No 14 (26%) 8 (17%) 6 (13%) 9 (20%) 13 (31%) Pulse Yes 42 (79%) 43 (93%) 41 (89%) 37 (80%) 32 (71%) No 11 (21%) 3 (7%) 5 (11%) 9 (20%) 13 (29%) FBC Yes 53 (100%) 45 (98%) 43 (93%) 46 (100%) 43 (96%) No 0 (0%) 1 (2%) 3 (7%) 0 (0%) 2 (4%) CRP Yes 25 (47%) 10 (22%) 11 (24%) 11 (24%) 7 (16%) No 28 (53%) 36 (78%) 35 (76%) 35 (76%) 38 (84%) Troponin Yes 19 (36%) 12 (26%) 9 (20%) 7 (15%) 4 (9%) No 34 (64%) 34 (74%) 37 (80%) 39 (85%) 41 (81%) References 1.Munshi, T.A., et al., Clozapine-induced myocarditis: is mandatory monitoring warranted for its early recognition? Case Rep Psychiatry, 2014. 2014: p. 513108. 2.Aboueid, L. and N. Toteja, Clozapine-Induced Myocarditis: A Case Report of an Adolescent Boy with Intellectual Disability. Case Rep Psychiatry, 2015. 2015: p. 482375. 3.Fineschi, V., et al., Sudden cardiac death due to hypersensitivity myocarditis during clozapine treatment. Int J Legal Med, 2004. 118(5): p. 307-9. 4.Bruno, V., A. Valiente-Gà ³mez, and O. Alcoverro, Clozapine and Fever: A Case of Continued Therapy With Clozapine. Clin Neuropharmacol, 2015. 38(4): p. 151-3. 5.Swart, L.E., et al., Clozapine-induced myocarditis. Schizophr Res, 2016. 174(1-3): p. 161-4. 6.Castle, D., et al., A clinical monitoring system for clozapine. Australas Psychiatry, 2006. 14(2): p. 156-68. 7.Annamraju, S., et al., Early recognition of clozapine-induced myocarditis. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2007. 27(5): p. 479-83. 8.Murch, S., et al., Echocardiographic monitoring for clozapine cardiac toxicity: lessons from real-world experience. Australas Psychiatry, 2013. 21(3): p. 258-61. 9.Wooltorton, E., Antipsychotic clozapine (Clozaril): myocarditis and cardiovascular toxicity. CMAJ, 2002. 166(9): p. 1185-6. 10.Kar, N., S. Barreto, and R. Chandavarkar, Clozapine Monitoring in Clinical Practice: Beyond the Mandatory Requirement. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci, 2016. 14(4): p. 323-329. 11.Cohen, R., et al., A Case of Clozapine-Induced Myocarditis in a Young Patient with Bipolar Disorder. Case Rep Cardiol, 2015. 2015: p. 283156. 12.Merrill, D.B., G.W. Dec, and D.C. Goff, Adverse cardiac effects associated with clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2005. 25(1): p. 32-41. 13.Ronaldson, K.J., et al., Clinical course and analysis of ten fatal cases of clozapine-induced myocarditis and comparison with 66 surviving cases. Schizophrenia Research, 2011. 128(1-3): p. 161-165. 14.Haas, S.J., et al., Clozapine-Associated Myocarditis. Drug Safety, 2007. 30(1): p. 47-57. 15.Barry, A.R., J.D. Windram, and M.M. Graham, Clozapine-Associated Myocarditis: Case Report and Literature Review. Can J Hosp Pharm, 2015. 68(5): p. 427-9. 16.Ronaldson, K.J., P.B. Fitzgerald, and J.J. McNeil, Clozapine-induced myocarditis, a widely overlooked adverse reaction. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2015. 132(4): p. 231-40.

Promoting and Protecting Minority Rights Essay examples -- Democracy,

The founding fathers of the United States Constitution suspected that through democracy, a government ruled by the majority, the majority could easily become tyrannical in its usage of unrestricted power. That is, in denying or denoting the rights of certain minority groups. These fathers included Thomas Jefferson who stated in his 1801 Inaugural Address for President of the United States, â€Å"All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression.† Despite the possibility of defying majority rule resulting in some disastrous upsets, the government's most ardent responsibility should lie more in its responsibility to protect minority rights rather than to abide by majority rule. Since, of any possible outcome, the worst would be a situation in which a minority group is denied rights, not due to simple social complication, but instead due to a general lack of government protection. While a democracy is based on majority rule, minority rights must not be disregarded. One of the principles of democracy includes a minority receiving equal opportunity to become a majority, and thereby providing competition for the majority of the time. Competition has potential to force a majority to become a minority, needing the protection of its rights to provide opportunity for it to become a majority again. Furthermore, the smallest minority is the individual. By protecting minority rights from majority oppression, the individual is protected and vice versa. For example, individual rights of expression and speech ... ...certain minority group: african-americans. Yarbrough, Tinsley. "U.S. GOVERNMENT > Introduction to the U.S. System > Democracy Papers ." à §Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ŽÃ ¥Ã‚Å"‹Ã ¥Ã‚Å" ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚”à ¦Ã‚Å"ÂÆ' - à ©Ã‚ ¦Ã‚â€"à ©  . N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. Yarbrough intimately and accurately describes the trials of the â€Å"African American Experience†. These trials include, but are not limited to slavery, denial to suffrage, and the retraction of equality through governmental policy. Yarbrough is thorough in the description of this experience, refusing to allow sheer opinion to even decimate fact. He â€Å"African American Experience† is a big part of minority rights being that african americans’ entire â€Å"experience† consisted of the government failing or prevailing in protecting their basic rights guaranteed by the constitution of the United States. Promoting and Protecting Minority Rights Essay examples -- Democracy, The founding fathers of the United States Constitution suspected that through democracy, a government ruled by the majority, the majority could easily become tyrannical in its usage of unrestricted power. That is, in denying or denoting the rights of certain minority groups. These fathers included Thomas Jefferson who stated in his 1801 Inaugural Address for President of the United States, â€Å"All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression.† Despite the possibility of defying majority rule resulting in some disastrous upsets, the government's most ardent responsibility should lie more in its responsibility to protect minority rights rather than to abide by majority rule. Since, of any possible outcome, the worst would be a situation in which a minority group is denied rights, not due to simple social complication, but instead due to a general lack of government protection. While a democracy is based on majority rule, minority rights must not be disregarded. One of the principles of democracy includes a minority receiving equal opportunity to become a majority, and thereby providing competition for the majority of the time. Competition has potential to force a majority to become a minority, needing the protection of its rights to provide opportunity for it to become a majority again. Furthermore, the smallest minority is the individual. By protecting minority rights from majority oppression, the individual is protected and vice versa. For example, individual rights of expression and speech ... ...certain minority group: african-americans. Yarbrough, Tinsley. "U.S. GOVERNMENT > Introduction to the U.S. System > Democracy Papers ." à §Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ŽÃ ¥Ã‚Å"‹Ã ¥Ã‚Å" ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚”à ¦Ã‚Å"ÂÆ' - à ©Ã‚ ¦Ã‚â€"à ©  . N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. Yarbrough intimately and accurately describes the trials of the â€Å"African American Experience†. These trials include, but are not limited to slavery, denial to suffrage, and the retraction of equality through governmental policy. Yarbrough is thorough in the description of this experience, refusing to allow sheer opinion to even decimate fact. He â€Å"African American Experience† is a big part of minority rights being that african americans’ entire â€Å"experience† consisted of the government failing or prevailing in protecting their basic rights guaranteed by the constitution of the United States.

The Founders and Religious Freedom Essay -- U.S. History

James Madison and Thomas Jefferson are two of the seven key founding fathers of the United States. The motive of the founders of the U.S. was to establish religious freedom in the colonies; therefore, religion was of importance to them. When the policy of the separation of church and state was enacted by the founding fathers through the Constitution, it meant that under a secular government, religious freedom would always be protected. Issues such as the freedom to practice one’s religion arose in the earlier colonies and the separation of church and states prevents these issues from occurring again. The separation of church and state protects the rights of all and ensures religious freedom. This policy has proven to be nothing but a success for religion in America. The founding fathers created the Constitution to protect religious freedom. Within the Constitution is the guarantee of the separation of church and state. For example, within schools the Supreme Court in the early sixties ruled against mandatory worship in public schools. Some believe the Court â€Å"kicked God out of the schools† but this was not the case. Instead it governed that neither politicians nor school officials, but parents, have the right to decide the religious teaching their child receives. Today, many religious leaders in America support the guaranteed separation of church and state established and protected by the Constitution. They say they do not want to see any religion favored by the government. According to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, religion was very important. Thomas Jefferson actually â€Å"revealed more about his faith than any other founding father.† The role of religion was so important to these founders that they, along ... ...tp://www.au.org/resources/publications/americas-legacy-of-religious-liberty-pass-it-on. Hutson, James. Library of Congress, "James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion:." Last modified May 31, 2001. (accessed April 6, 2012). http://www.loc.gov/loc/madison/hutson-paper.html. Loconte, Joseph. There Heritage Foundation: Leadership for America, "James Madison and Religious Liberty." (March 16, 2001). (accessed April 6, 2012). http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2001/03/james-madison-and-religious-liberty. Perry, Barbara, A. "Jefferson's Legacy to the Supreme Court: Freedom of Religion." Journal Of Supreme Court History 31, no. 2 (July 2006): 181-198. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed April 6, 2012). All About History, "Separation of Church and State." (accessed April 6, 2012). http://www.allabouthistory.org/separation-of-church-and-state.htm.

Compare how language

Compare how language is used to explore ideas and feelings in ‘Checking out me History' and one other poem from the Anthology. By dordafaye Compare how language is used to explore ideas and feelings in ‘Checking out me History and one other poem from the Anthology. Checking out me History is a poem about a Caribbean man's frustration at the teaching of history- he believes that he is only taught about white historical figures and argues that some important black icons are neglected. He argues for more freedom to learn about icons from other cultures- reflecting multi-cultural society more accurately.Singh Song is a poem written from the perspective of a newly- wed Indian shop-worker in Britain, and tells the reader about his relationship with his bride and how this affects his work. The poem explores ideas about cultural identity- particularly looking at how ethnic cultures fit into Western (British) society. In ‘Checking out me History John Agard uses a Caribbean d ialect â€Å"lick back†, and phonetic spelling â€Å"dem†¦ dat† which reflects the Caribbean accent, to create a clear character voice. He does this to emphasize that he is a black Caribbean man and therefore the issues he explores are relevant and personal to him.Agard is in fact half Guyanese and so the character of the poem could in fact be him; this could be auto-biographical. ‘Singh song is similar in that DalJit Nagra uses phonetic spelling â€Å"My vife is on di web† to reflect an Indian accent, and uses some humorous examples of language ‘lost in translation' such as â€Å"at di cheese ov her price†. Like Agard, Nagra uses a Voice' which is directly linked to his own, as he is a British born Punjabi Indian, and the character speaks in what is referred to as ‘Punglish' a Punjabi influenced version of standard English.The tone of the two poems is very different- ‘Checking ut me History has an angry and negative tone. He is using the dialect and accent to emphasize how different black Caribbean is from white British. The choice to write in non-standard English perhaps reflects his disapproval of the idea of ‘standard English'- linking to his cultural identity. He repeats the phrase â€Å"dem never tell me† which emphasizes that the accused â€Å"dem† are withholding important information, and depriving him of something.He directs his poem at â€Å"dem†- a nameless authority who he claims are leaving him in the metaphorical dark: â€Å"Blind me to me own identity'. We can assume that â€Å"dem† are white people that decide the curriculum, and the narrator feels show a very polarized view of history; you could say he is trying to show that they oppress him, an idea which is fuelled by the images of slavery and oppression of black people by others, and of escape: â€Å"freedom river†, that he depicts in his descriptions of his heroes.The fact that he doesn't gi ve â€Å"dem† names suggests he doesn't think very positively of them; they don't deserve a name. He Juxtaposes white icons with black icons, and often the white icons or histories are ridiculous Dick Whittington and ne cat† or linked to war and aggression â€Å"Lord Nelson and Waterloo†. This has the effect of making the black icons he mentions seem more important and impressive â€Å"Toussaint a slave with vision†. The presentation of the poem pushes this idea further- as the black icons are written in italics, whereas the white icons are written in ‘normal' font.This could be significant as often literature uses italics to stress of emphasize a word within a sentence, he is perhaps trying to present his history choices as important in contrast to â€Å"dem's† choices. However, ou could say that there are positive moments in the poem- when he is describing the people he would like to learn about he sounds as though he is inspired, using adje ctives like â€Å"see-far† and verbs such as â€Å"struggle†¦ brave† to show his admiration.His descriptions of the black historical icons use positive imagery referring to freedom â€Å"hopeful stream to freedom river† from slavery, and of positive role-models â€Å"A healing star†¦ a yellow sunrise†. When he describe the white fgures he is taught about he is matter-of-fact and very succinct, but discusses the black figures in longer and more expressive detail. His descriptions of black icons are also free' from rhyme schemes, enforcing the theme of freedom which runs throughout. ‘Singh Song has an overall positive and Jolly tone. Nagra uses phonetic spelling and mis-translations in an amusing way.He builds what might be called a ‘stereotypical' image of an Indian man. The stereotype is shown in that: he runs a corner shop, he eats Indian food â€Å"chapatti†¦ chutney' and he lives in an ‘indian' area â€Å"di whole Ind ian road†. However, rather than being angry about being a stereotype, the character is happy and content. When non-standard English is used, it isn't necessarily deliberate or rying to make a point like in ‘Checking out me History which I think forces a phonetic difference to create an atmosphere of them' versus ‘me (the narrator)'.I do still think that Nagra is trying to disprove the stereotype subtly, and show that them' and ‘me' can be harmonious. He does this mostly through the character of the bride' who is shockingly untraditional â€Å"effing at my mum†¦ stumble like a drunk†¦ a red crew cut†, but is still connected to her Indian culture: â€Å"in all di colours of Punjabi†¦ sari†. She is a more ‘modern' and westernised representation of an Indian woman.

Introduction Of The Exam Timetabling System Education Essay

The literature reappraisal will concentrate on the debut of the test timetabling system that has been used in universities and timetabling that usage in other field and their job. Educational timetabling optimisation is a major administrative activity for a broad assortment of establishments. A timetabling optimisation job can be defined as delegating a figure of events into a limited figure of clip periods to optimise the consequence in the timetable to salvage cost, clip, infinite or other thing that can be save. This study besides reviews the technique that can be used in optimising the fresh category in exam timetabling.2.1 PROBLEM DOMAINâ€Å" A.Wren ( 1996 ) defines timetabling is the allotment, capable to restraints, of given resources to objects being placed in infinite clip, in such a manner as to fulfill every bit about as possible a set of desirable aims ( Burke & A ; Petrovic,2002 ) . Many research workers has part in timetabling jobs in several old ages subsequently due to the fact that timetabling jobs are frequently over-constrained, dynamic, and optimisation standards are difficult to specify. Some of the parts from those research workers are including graph colouring, whole number scheduling from Operations Research, simulated tempering, taboo hunt, familial algorithms, and restraint logic programming from Artificial Intelligence ( Alashwal & A ; Deris, 2007 ) . Timetabling is produced by the programming job and it can be shown in many different signifiers. Timetabling is really of import to Business Company, organisation, or even to single. With timetable the work will go more systematic and efficient. Timetabling is ongoing and uninterrupted procedure. A procedure of updating timetables is needed consideration of a important figure of objects and restraints. As increasing a figure of pupils, an updated to the current traditional timetabling system should be done from clip to clip to do the executable programming to pupils. Therefore, it takes a batch of clip such as several yearss or even hebdomads to finish scheduling timetables manually by homo. A timetabling job is about an assignment of a set of activities, actions or events at specific clip slot for illustration: work displacements, responsibilities, categories to a set of resources. Timetabling jobs is related to jobs on allotment resources to specific seasonableness which there are specific restraints must be considered. The resources such as groups and topics are allocated to a clip slot of schoolrooms every bit long as it was fulfilling their restraints ( Norberciak, 2006 ) . This undertaking chief end is to bring forth a best consequence of delegating pupil to a category that will optimise the used categories. The trouble is due to the great complexness of the building of timetables for test, due the scheduling size of the scrutinies and the high figure of restraints and standards of allotment, normally circumvented with the usage of small rigorous heuristics, based on solutions from old old ages. The aim of this work is the scrutiny agendas. The chief intent is to apportion each concluding test paper to the best category based on the figure of pupil taking the paper, automatically by utilizing computing machines. The people confronting these troubles is the people who in charge of delegating these exam manually. The variable is the day of the month of the test, clip of the test, topics, test documents, figure of pupil taking the exam paper and the available category. They need to group this test in test day of the month and clip of the test which is in forenoon or eventide. After that they will delegate each exam paper to an available category that fitted to the figure of pupil taking the test. These stairss will go on until all the test documents have their categories.2.2 Technique THAT CAN BE USED IN THE PROJECTThere are many intelligent techniques or method of optimisation that has been tried throughout the decennaries since the first efforts of automatizing the scrutiny timetabling procedure such as Particle Swarm Optimization ( PSO ) , Artificial Immune Algorithm, Graph Coloring Method and Genetic Algorithm.2.2.1 PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ( PSO )Goldberg, Davis and Cheng says that PSO is different from other methodological analysiss that use natural development as the architecture while PSO is based on societal behaviour of development ( S.C.Chu, Y.T.Chen & A ; J.H.Ho, 2006 ) . PSO use self-organisation and division of labour for distributed job work outing similar to the corporate behaviour of insect settlements, bird flocks and other carnal societies ( D.R.Fealco, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Kennedy and Eberhart ( 2001 ) , PSO comparatively new stochastic GO which is known as Global Optimization member if the Broader Swarm intelligence field for work outing optimisation job ( D.R.Fealco, 2005 ) . PSO utilizing population of atom procedure to seek the system so each atom is updated by following two best values in every loop ( S.C.Chu, Y.T.Chen & A ; J.H.Ho, 2006 ) . Optimization job in PSO is done by delegating way vectors and speeds to each point in a multi-dimensional hunt infinite and Each point so ‘moves ‘ or ‘flies ‘ through the hunt infinite following its speed vector, which is influenced by the waies and speeds of other points in its vicinity to localised loops of possible solution ( C.Jacob & A ; N.Khemka,2004 ) . Algorithm The PSO algorithm works at the same time keeping several candidate solution in the hunt infinite. PSO algorithm consist of seven measure ( C.Jacob & A ; N.Khemka,2004 ) . Which is Initialize the population – locations and speeds. Measure the fittingness of the single atom ( pBest ) . Keep path of the persons highest fittingness ( gBest ) . Modify speeds based on pBest and gBest place. Update the atoms place. Terminate if the status is meet. Travel to Step 2. The item of the PSO algorithm is shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1: The procedure of PSO2.2.2 ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE ALGORITHMArtificial Immune Algorithm besides known as AIS are stimulated from nature of human immune system. Dasgupta, Ji and Gonzalez reference that characteristic extraction, pattern acknowledgment, memory and its distributive nature provide rich metaphor for its unreal opposite number are the powerful capablenesss of the immune system ( H.Yulan, C.H Siu & A ; M.K Lai ) . Timmis & A ; Jonathan ( 2000 ) depict the AIS used natural immune system as the metaphor as the attack for work outing computational job ( M.R.Malim, A.T.Khadir & A ; A.Mustafa ) . Anomaly sensing, pattern acknowledgment, computing machine security, mistake tolerance, dynamic environments, robotic, informations excavation optimisation and programming are the chief sphere application of AIS ( M.R.Malim, A.T.Khadir & A ; A.Mustafa ) . Some preliminary biological footings in order to understand the AIS are immune cells B-cells and T-cells are two major group of immune cell and it help in acknowledging an about illimitable scope of anti cistrons form and antigens ( AG ) is the disease-causing component, it has two type s of antigens which is self and non-self where non-self antigens are disease-causing elements and self anti-genes are harmless to the organic structure ( R.Agarwal, M.K.Tiwari, S.K.Mukherjee, 2006 ) . There are two chief application sphere in AIS which is antigen and antibody. Antigen is the mark or the solution for the job, while the antibody is the reminder of the informations. Occasionally, there are more than one antigen at a certain clip and there are often big figure of antibodies present at one time. Generic stairss of unreal immune system ( AIS ) : Measure 1: Define job specific nonsubjective map and set the algorithm parametric quantity. Set iter=0 ; counter for figure of loops. Generate initial executable random solutions. ( Here solution represents operation precedence figure matching to each activity ) . Measure 2: Randomly choose an antigen and expose to all antibodies. Calculate the affinity of all antigens and make affinity vector Af. ( In our instance to calculate affinity, first optimal/near optimum agendas of activities are determined with the aid of precedence figure as give in Section 3.3 thenceforth ; its make span value is calculated ) . Measure 3: Choice Pc highest affinity antibodies. Generate the set of ringers for the selected antibodies. Measure 4: For each generated ringer do inverse mutant ( choose a part of ringer twine and invert ) with a chance and cipher the affinity of the new solution formed. If affinity ( new solution ) & gt ; affinity ( ringer ) so clone=new solution ; else do partner off wise interchange mutant ( choice any two location and inter- alteration elements ) . Calculate the affinity of the new solution formed if affinity ( new solution ) & gt ; affinity ( ringer ) so clone=new solution ; else, clone=clone. Measure 5: Expose the new inhabitants of the society ( i.e. , ringers ) to the antigens. Check for feasibleness and calculate affinity. Measure 6: Replace the Ps lowest affinity antibodies with the Ps best ringers generated. Iter=iter+1 ; if ( iter & lt ; iter_max ) goto measure 2 else Give the best antibody as the end product. The AIS flow chart is shown in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: AIS flow chart2.2.3 GRAPH COLORING METHODIt is good known that the scrutiny timetabling job, when sing merely the scrutiny conflicts restraint, maps into an tantamount graph colourising job ( Kiaer & A ; Yellen, 1992 ) , which is NP-complete ( Burke, Elliman, & A ; Weare, 1993 ; Willemen, 2002 ) . The graph colouring job is an assignment of colourss to vertices in such a mode that no two next vertices have the same colour. Therefore, a solution to the graph colourising job represents a solution to the nucleus scrutiny timetabling job, where graph vertices correspond to exams, graph borders indicate that the affiliated vertices have an scrutiny struggle, and colourss represent alone clip slots ( Welsh & A ; Powell, 1967 ) . The graph colourising job in bend is solved utilizing one of the graph colourising heuristics ( e.g. , Largest Degree ) , normally with backtracking ( Burke, Newall, & A ; Weare, 1998 ; Carter, Laporte, & A ; Chinneck, 1994 ) . Graph colouring is a particular instance of graph labeling. It is an assignment of labels traditionally called â€Å" colourss † to elements of a graph topic to certain restraints. In its simplest signifier, it is a manner of colourising the vertices of a graph such that no two next vertices portion the same colour ; this is called a vertex colouring. Similarly, an border colourising assigns a colour to each border so that no two adjacent borders portion the same colour, and a face colouring of a planar graph assigns a colour to each face or part so that no two faces that portion a boundary have the same colour ( DR Hussein & A ; K.E.Sabri, 2006 ) . Graph colouring is one of the most functional theoretical accounts in graph theory. It has been used to work out many jobs such as in school timetabling, computing machine registry allotment, electronic bandwidth allotment, and many other applications ( Dr Hussein & A ; K.E.Sabri, 2006 ) . Dr Hussein and K.E.Sabri besides mention that Greedy Graph Coloring is one of the consecutive techniques for colourising a graph. They stated that the technique focuses on carefully select the following vertex to be colored. In their study they explain two common algorithm which is first tantrum and grade based telling techniques. First tantrum: First Fit algorithm is the easiest and fastest technique of all greedy colourising heuristics. The algorithm consecutive assigns each vertex the lowest legal colour. This algorithm has the advantage of being really simple and fast and can be implemented to run in O ( N ) . Degree based ordination: It provides a better scheme for colourising a graph. It uses a certain choice standard for taking the vertex to be colored. This scheme is better than the First Fit which merely picks a vertex from an arbitrary order. Some schemes for choosing the following vertex to be colored have been proposed such as: Largest grade telling ( LDO ) : It chooses a vertex with the highest figure of neighbours. Intuitively, LDO provides a better colouring than the First Fit. This heuristic can be implemented to run in O ( n2 ) . Saturation grade telling ( SDO ) : The impregnation grade of a vertex is defined as the figure of its next otherwise colored vertices. Intuitively, this heuristic provides a better colouring than LDO as it can be implemented to run in O ( n3 ) . Incidence grade telling ( IDO ) : A alteration of the SDO heuristic is the incidence grade telling. The incidence grade of a vertex is defined as the figure of its next coloured vertices. This heuristic can be implemented to run in O ( n2 ) .2.2.4 GENETIC ALGORITHMThe familial algorithms distinguish themselves in the field of methods of optimisation and hunt for the assimilation of the Darwinian paradigm of the development of species. The familial algorithms are procedures of convergence ( Queiros, 1995 ) . Its construction is governed by import Torahs of the theory of development of species and concreteness in two cardinal constructs: choice and reproduction. The confrontation between familial algorithms and the existent jobs is promoted by the demand for optimisation. It follows a infinite of tremendous dimensions, in which each point represents a possible solution to the job. In this labyrinth of solutions, merely a few, if non merely one, to the full satisfy the list of restraints that give form to the job. The jobs of optimisation, normally associated with the satisfaction of restraints, specify a existence of solutions, go forthing the familial algorithm to find the overall solution, or a solution acceptable as a restriction on the clip of action of the algorithm. The familial algorithms are search algorithms based on mechanisms of natural choice and genetic sciences. Normally used to work out optimisation jobs, where the infinite of hunt is great and conventional methods is inefficient ( R. Lewis and B. Paechter,2005 ) . Characteristic The nomenclature they are associated to interpret the import of indispensable constructs of genetic sciences and guesses the importance attributed to the interaction of these constructs. The construct of population, like figure of persons of the same species, is extended to unreal species. Persons are usually represented by sequences of Numberss: the genotype. The Numberss, or instead, a aggregation of Numberss, is the familial heritage of the person, finding their features, that is, its phenotype. The familial algorithms differ from traditional methods of research and optimisation, chiefly in four facets: Work with a codification of the set of parametric quantities and non with their ain parametric quantities. Work with a population and non with a individual point. Uses information from or derive cost and non derived or other subsidiary cognition. Uses regulations of passage chance and non deterministic. The solutions interact, mix up and bring forth progeny ( kids ) trusting that retaining the features â€Å" good † of their rise ( parents ) , which may be seen as a local hunt, but widespread. Not merely is the vicinity of a simple solution exploited, but besides the vicinity of a whole population. The members of the population are called persons or chromosomes. As in natural development, the chromosomes are the basal stuff ( practical, in this instance ) of heredity. It presently uses a map of rating that associates each person, a existent figure that translates to version. Then, in a mode straight relative to the value of their version, are selected braces of chromosomes that will traverse themselves. Here, can be considered the choice with elitism, or guarantee that the best solution is portion of the new coevals. His crossing is the consequence of unreal choice, sing more altered those that best run into the specific conditions of the job. The crossing of the numerical sequences promotes the outgrowth of new sequences, formed from the first. With a chance established, after traversing, a mutant can go on, where a cistron of chromosome alterations. These new persons are the 2nd coevals of persons and grade the terminal of rhythm of the familial algorithm. The figure of rhythms to execute depends on the context of the job and the degree of quality ( partial or full satisfaction of the limitations ) , which is intended for the solution.2.2.4.1 A SIMPLE GENETIC ALGORITHM DESCRIBES THE FOLLOWING CYCLEThere are eight measure in familial algorithm rhythm which is: Coevals of random n chromosomes that form the initial population. Appraisal of each person of the population. Confirmation of the expiration standards. If verify expiration standard – rhythm stoping. Choice of n/2 braces of chromosomes for crossing over. Reproduction of chromosomes with recombination and mutant. New population of chromosomes called new coevals. Travel back to step 2. The rhythm described above is illustrated in Figure 2.1. Fig. 2.1. Basic construction of the familial algorithmLow-level formattingInitially many single solutions are indiscriminately generated to organize an initial population. The population size depends on the nature of the job, but typically contains several 100s or 1000s of possible solutions. Traditionally, the population is generated indiscriminately, covering the full scope of possible solutions ( the hunt infinite ) . Occasionally, the solutions may be seeded in countries where optimum solutions are likely to be found ( R. Lewis and B. Paechter,2005 ) .ChoiceDuring each consecutive coevals, a proportion of the bing population is selected to engender a new coevals. Individual solutions are selected through a fitness-based procedure, where fitter solutions ( as measured by a fittingness map ) are typically more likely to be selected. Certain selection methods rate the fittingness of each solution and preferentially choose the best solutions. Other methods rate merely a random sample of the population, as this procedure may be really time-consuming ( R. Lewis and B. Paechter,2005 ) . Most maps are stochastic and designed so that a little proportion of less fit solutions are selected. This helps maintain the diverseness of the population big, preventing premature convergence on hapless solutions. Popular and well-studied choice methods include roulette wheel choice and tournament choice ( R. Lewis and B. Paechter,2005 ) .ReproductionThe following measure is to bring forth a 2nd coevals population of solutions from those selected through familial operators: crossing over ( besides called recombination ) , and/or mutant. For each new solution to be produced, a brace of â€Å" parent † solutions is selected for engendering from the pool selected antecedently. By bring forthing a â€Å" kid † solution utilizing the above methods of crossing over and mutant, a new solution is created which typically portions many of the features of its â€Å" parents † . New parents are selected for each new kid, and the procedure continues until a new population of solutions of appropriate size is generated. Although reproduction methods that are based on the usage of two parents are more â€Å" biological science divine † , some research suggests more than two â€Å" parents † are better to be used to reproduce a good quality chromosome ( R. Lewis and B. Paechter,2005 ) . These processes finally consequence in the following coevals population of chromosomes that is different from the initial coevals. By and large the mean fittingness will hold increased by this process for the population, since merely the best being from the first coevals are selected for genteelness, along with a little proportion of less fit solutions, for grounds already mentioned above.TerminationThis generational procedure is repeated until a expiration status has been reached ( R. Lewis and B. Paechter,2005 ) . Common terminating conditions are: A solution is found that satisfies minimal standards. Fixed figure of coevalss reached. Allocated budget ( calculation time/money ) reached. The highest superior solution ‘s fittingness is making or has reached a tableland such that consecutive loops no longer bring forth better consequences. Manual review. Combinations of the above.2.3 Related Work2.4 SummaryFamilial Algorithm is the best algorithm in timetabling job. The consequences in GAs are better optimized than the traditional method based on try-check rules on scheduling system. Some research worker had different sentiment on the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms. Although there are new method on optimising consequence, GAs is still the chosen method in timetabling job.